The funeral orations for Valentinian II and Theodosius I, as well as two letters that Bishop Ambrose sent to Theodosius I (Epp. Extra coll. 2 e 3), immediately after receiving from him the news of the victory at the Frigidus river, show that the bishop spoke emperors, and about the emperors without forgetting his senatorial birth and rank. Some subjects, which he developed between the death of Valentinian II and that of Theodosius I, were the same that a group of Roman senators put in circulation (victories only in civil wars, false triumph, two children raised to the throne as augusti) to arouse opposition to Theodosian policy. Ambrose turned them into Christian themes to support emperor Gratian first, then Theodosius I and his dynasty. The classic theme of victory due to divine intervention became the bloodless victory guaranteed by imperial pietas. After Frigidus’ battle, it was completed by the idea that the usurpers were wicked (impii), regardless of the religion professed, because they opposed a pius imperator. The bishop legitimized also the power of Honorius and Arcadius – principes pueri – by invoking their pietas, and valued the clementia towards opponents by making a traditional political virtue into a typically Christian virtue. This attitude of Bishop Ambrose is clarified by some liturgical innovations: he inserted the members of two domus augustae on the list of the deceased, who were remembered during mass, and offered on the altar the imperial letter, which announced the victory of Theodosius I, during the Eucharistic celebration. Theodosius I, following the bishop’s request, granted indulgence not only for those who had sided with Eugene but also for those who, after his defeat, had taken refuge in the church of Milan and were protected by Ambrose. To obtain the right of ecclesiastical asylum was also a novity, although it was not preserved immediately after the death of Theodosius I.

Le orazioni funerarie per Valentiniano II e Teodosio I, così come due lettere che il vescovo Ambrogio mandò a Teodosio I, subito dopo aver ricevuto da lui la notizia della vittoria al fiume Frigidus, mostrano che il vescovo parlò degli imperatori e agli imperatori senza dimenticare la sua nascita e il suo rango senatorio nel nuovo ruolo vescovile. Dal momento che egli conosceva i principali temi dell’opposizione senatoria alla politica teodosiana –vittoria in una guerra civile, falso trionfo, principi elevati al trono da fanciulli – egli fu abile a cambiarli in altrettanti motivi di sostegno per Teodosio e la sua dinastia. Lo fece utilizzando il tema classico della vittoria dovuta all’intervento divino, che egli trasformò cristianamente in quello della vittoria incruenta garantita dalla pietas imperiale. Dopo il Frigido, l’idea che gli usurpatori erano empii, indipendentemente dalla religione professata, per il semplice fatto di essersi opposti al pius imperator, divenne un corollario essenziale del tema della vittoria incruenta. Il vescovo legittimò il potere dei principes pueri invocando la loro pietas, e valorizzò la clementia verso gli oppositori, trasformando in virtù tipicamente cristiana una tradizionale virtù politica. L’adesione di Ambrogio alla politica di Valentiniano II e di Teodosio I produsse alcune innovazioni: egli inserì i membri di due domus augustae tra i nomi dei defunti da ricordare durante l’offerta sacrificale e offrì sull’altare la lettera imperiale, che annunciava la vittoria, durante la celebrazione eucaristica. Teodosio I, assicurando la sua indulgentia non solo a coloro che avevano parteggiato per Eugenio ma pure a quanti si erano rifugiati nella chiesa di Milano ed erano protetti dal vescovo, fece un’importante concessione all’ asilo ecclesiastico. Varie testimonianze, però mostrano che il diritto all’asilo nelle chiese ebbe conferma legislativa solo dopo alcuni anni.

Memorie d’imperatori vivi, orazioni funebri e preghiere in suffragio per i principi defunti: Ambrogio di Milano

Lizzi, Rita
2020

Abstract

The funeral orations for Valentinian II and Theodosius I, as well as two letters that Bishop Ambrose sent to Theodosius I (Epp. Extra coll. 2 e 3), immediately after receiving from him the news of the victory at the Frigidus river, show that the bishop spoke emperors, and about the emperors without forgetting his senatorial birth and rank. Some subjects, which he developed between the death of Valentinian II and that of Theodosius I, were the same that a group of Roman senators put in circulation (victories only in civil wars, false triumph, two children raised to the throne as augusti) to arouse opposition to Theodosian policy. Ambrose turned them into Christian themes to support emperor Gratian first, then Theodosius I and his dynasty. The classic theme of victory due to divine intervention became the bloodless victory guaranteed by imperial pietas. After Frigidus’ battle, it was completed by the idea that the usurpers were wicked (impii), regardless of the religion professed, because they opposed a pius imperator. The bishop legitimized also the power of Honorius and Arcadius – principes pueri – by invoking their pietas, and valued the clementia towards opponents by making a traditional political virtue into a typically Christian virtue. This attitude of Bishop Ambrose is clarified by some liturgical innovations: he inserted the members of two domus augustae on the list of the deceased, who were remembered during mass, and offered on the altar the imperial letter, which announced the victory of Theodosius I, during the Eucharistic celebration. Theodosius I, following the bishop’s request, granted indulgence not only for those who had sided with Eugene but also for those who, after his defeat, had taken refuge in the church of Milan and were protected by Ambrose. To obtain the right of ecclesiastical asylum was also a novity, although it was not preserved immediately after the death of Theodosius I.
2020
File in questo prodotto:
Non ci sono file associati a questo prodotto.

I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11391/1490696
Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact