Strains of F. graminearum (FG), F. culmorum (FC), F. avenaceum (FA), F. poae (FP), F. equiseti and F. sporotrichioides were isolated from 162 wheat samples cultivated in central Italy in 2009 and 2010. After identification, they were molecularly characterized and in vitro assessed for their ability to biosynthesize trichothecenes (DON, 15-ADON, 3-ADON, NIV, T2, HT2, DAS) and hexadepsipetides (BEA and ENs). The presence of trichothecenes and of “emerging” mycotoxins (BEA and ENs) in the grain was determined by LC-MS/MS. Fusarium spp. composition showed differences in the two years: even if FG was the predominant species in both years, in 2009 the occurrence of FA and FP was higher than in 2010. Among FG strains, the 15-ADON chemotype was the most frequent, followed by NIV and 3-ADON. All FC isolates were 3-ADON chemotype. All FP strains were potentially NIV producers. In vitro trichothecene biosynthesis confirmed molecular data. All FA strains showed the ability to biosynthesize ENs in vitro but not BEA. All FP strains resulted to be also BEA producers and some co-biosynthesized ENs. Regarding the kernels, NIV was always detected at appreciable levels. A remarkable presence of ENs and co-contamination by BEA and ENs were found. DON was below EU maximum levels. Climatic conditions significantly influenced species composition and mycotoxin contaminations. In general, a high presence of “secondary” FHB causal agents and NIV, BEA and ENs mycotoxins, which have not been yet legally regulated in the EU, were constantly detected, suggesting that they may often represent an underestimated risk for consumer’s health.
FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT AGENTS AND MYCOTOXINS IN WHEAT GRAIN IN CENTRAL ITALY: DISEASE COMPLEXITY MAY LEAD TO A PERMANENT CONTAMINATION RISK
BECCARI, GIOVANNI;COVARELLI, Lorenzo
2014
Abstract
Strains of F. graminearum (FG), F. culmorum (FC), F. avenaceum (FA), F. poae (FP), F. equiseti and F. sporotrichioides were isolated from 162 wheat samples cultivated in central Italy in 2009 and 2010. After identification, they were molecularly characterized and in vitro assessed for their ability to biosynthesize trichothecenes (DON, 15-ADON, 3-ADON, NIV, T2, HT2, DAS) and hexadepsipetides (BEA and ENs). The presence of trichothecenes and of “emerging” mycotoxins (BEA and ENs) in the grain was determined by LC-MS/MS. Fusarium spp. composition showed differences in the two years: even if FG was the predominant species in both years, in 2009 the occurrence of FA and FP was higher than in 2010. Among FG strains, the 15-ADON chemotype was the most frequent, followed by NIV and 3-ADON. All FC isolates were 3-ADON chemotype. All FP strains were potentially NIV producers. In vitro trichothecene biosynthesis confirmed molecular data. All FA strains showed the ability to biosynthesize ENs in vitro but not BEA. All FP strains resulted to be also BEA producers and some co-biosynthesized ENs. Regarding the kernels, NIV was always detected at appreciable levels. A remarkable presence of ENs and co-contamination by BEA and ENs were found. DON was below EU maximum levels. Climatic conditions significantly influenced species composition and mycotoxin contaminations. In general, a high presence of “secondary” FHB causal agents and NIV, BEA and ENs mycotoxins, which have not been yet legally regulated in the EU, were constantly detected, suggesting that they may often represent an underestimated risk for consumer’s health.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
