This article examines shareholders’ contributions not intended to result in an immediate increase in nominal share capital, with a view to reconstructing their legal nature, function and applicable regime. Starting from the contractual and generally extra-corporate origin of such contributions — including payments made to cover losses, non-repayable contributions, contributions to capital reserves, and payments on account of a future capital increase — the analysis focuses on their legal characterization and on the consequences for their recognition within shareholders’ equity. Particular attention is devoted to the subsequent corporate relevance of the earmarking attached to such contributions and to the extent to which the resulting reserves may be used by the company. Against this background, the article addresses the issue of so-called “earmarked” reserves, assessing the scope and limits of the original designation as regards subsequent corporate decisions on their use and distribution. The proposed analysis emphasizes the specific legal and economic purpose of each contribution and the interests underlying its allocation, while distinguishing the contractual origin of the contribution from the corporate-law rules governing its subsequent treatment.

Il contributo esamina gli apporti dei soci non destinati all’immediato incremento del capitale nominale, ricostruendone la natura giuridica, la funzione e il relativo regime di utilizzazione. Muovendo dall’origine negoziale e tendenzialmente parasociale dei versamenti — a copertura delle perdite, a fondo perduto o in conto capitale, nonché in conto futuro aumento di capitale — l’indagine ne approfondisce la qualificazione causale e i riflessi sull’iscrizione nel patrimonio netto. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla successiva rilevanza endosocietaria del vincolo di destinazione e alla disponibilità delle riserve così formate. In questa prospettiva, il lavoro affronta il problema della c.d. «targatura» della riserva, verificandone incidenza e limiti rispetto alle decisioni societarie di utilizzazione e distribuzione. La ricostruzione proposta valorizza la causa concreta dell’apporto e gli interessi sottesi alla relativa destinazione, distinguendo il piano dell’origine negoziale del versamento da quello della sua successiva disciplina societaria.

GLI APPORTI DEI SOCI “FUORI CAPITALE NOMINALE”

v. pettirossi
2026

Abstract

This article examines shareholders’ contributions not intended to result in an immediate increase in nominal share capital, with a view to reconstructing their legal nature, function and applicable regime. Starting from the contractual and generally extra-corporate origin of such contributions — including payments made to cover losses, non-repayable contributions, contributions to capital reserves, and payments on account of a future capital increase — the analysis focuses on their legal characterization and on the consequences for their recognition within shareholders’ equity. Particular attention is devoted to the subsequent corporate relevance of the earmarking attached to such contributions and to the extent to which the resulting reserves may be used by the company. Against this background, the article addresses the issue of so-called “earmarked” reserves, assessing the scope and limits of the original designation as regards subsequent corporate decisions on their use and distribution. The proposed analysis emphasizes the specific legal and economic purpose of each contribution and the interests underlying its allocation, while distinguishing the contractual origin of the contribution from the corporate-law rules governing its subsequent treatment.
2026
979-12-235-0782-7
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11391/1630714
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