The proposed paper aims at analyzing the work of the Italian diplomats who dealt with the question of the Straits during the peace negotiations in Paris and in the years between the two world wars. The Straits’ international status was of significant interest for Italy also, who in the Pact of London had requested a zone of influence in the province of Antalya. Although seemingly not in Italy’s interests, this request had originally been formulated by San Giuliano to balance the multiple demands of the other powers in the Near and Middle East and to counter the repercussions in the Mediterranean that would have derived from the opening of the passage into the Straits also granted to Russia. Sonnino first, then Sforza as High Commissioner in Constantinople and other Contarinian diplomats, including De Martino and Galli, addressed the Turkish question in accordance with the political lines drawn by San Giuliano. In doing so, they formed a generation of liberal-national diplomats who worked to achieve a wide-ranging Mediterranean national plan through the achievement of an understanding with the Kemalist forces. But the Turkish mistrust of Italian interests in Anatolia and the fear that these interests could be strongly reaffirmed by the fascist regime questioned the previous “friendship pact”. It is no coincidence, therefore, that Carlo Galli was sent as Italian ambassador to Turkey in the same years in which the question of the Straits was subject to new discussions in Montreux.

Nel paper proposto si intende analizzare l’operato di alcuni esponenti della diplomazia italiana che durante le trattative di pace di Parigi e negli anni tra le due guerre mondiali si occuparono della questione degli Stretti. Lo status internazionale che gli Stretti avrebbero assunto era di rilevante interesse anche per l’Italia che nel Patto di Londra aveva formulato la richiesta di una zona di influenza nella provincia di Adalia. Anche se apparentemente lontana dagli interessi del Paese, tale richiesta era infatti stata concepita già da San Giuliano proprio in contrapposizione alle molteplici richieste delle altre potenze nel Vicino e Medio Oriente e per bilanciare nel Mediterraneo i contraccolpi che sarebbero derivati dall’apertura del passaggio negli Stretti concesso anche alla Russia. Sonnino prima, poi Sforza nominato Alto Commissario a Costantinopoli e altri diplomatici contariniani, tra i quali De Martino e Galli, affrontarono dunque la questione turca nella linea tracciata da San Giuliano, rappresentando una generazione di diplomatici di estrazione liberal-nazionale che si adoperò per realizzare un disegno nazionale di ampio respiro mediterraneo attraverso la creazione di un’intesa con le forze kemaliste. Ma la diffidenza turca nei confronti degli interessi italiani in Anatolia e il timore che questi interessi potessero essere ribaditi con forza da parte del regime fascista incrinarono il precedente “patto di amicizia”. Non a caso dunque Carlo Galli fu inviato come ambasciatore italiano in Turchia proprio negli anni in cui la questione degli Stretti venne ridiscussa a Montreux.

Carlo Galli e la questione degli Stretti nelle relazioni italo-turche da Sèvres a Montreux

Valentina Sommella
2019

Abstract

The proposed paper aims at analyzing the work of the Italian diplomats who dealt with the question of the Straits during the peace negotiations in Paris and in the years between the two world wars. The Straits’ international status was of significant interest for Italy also, who in the Pact of London had requested a zone of influence in the province of Antalya. Although seemingly not in Italy’s interests, this request had originally been formulated by San Giuliano to balance the multiple demands of the other powers in the Near and Middle East and to counter the repercussions in the Mediterranean that would have derived from the opening of the passage into the Straits also granted to Russia. Sonnino first, then Sforza as High Commissioner in Constantinople and other Contarinian diplomats, including De Martino and Galli, addressed the Turkish question in accordance with the political lines drawn by San Giuliano. In doing so, they formed a generation of liberal-national diplomats who worked to achieve a wide-ranging Mediterranean national plan through the achievement of an understanding with the Kemalist forces. But the Turkish mistrust of Italian interests in Anatolia and the fear that these interests could be strongly reaffirmed by the fascist regime questioned the previous “friendship pact”. It is no coincidence, therefore, that Carlo Galli was sent as Italian ambassador to Turkey in the same years in which the question of the Straits was subject to new discussions in Montreux.
2019
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11391/1477255
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