Low-latency NuMI trigger for the CHIPS-5 neutrino detector

The CHIPS R&D Project aims to develop affordable large-scale water Cherenkov neutrino detectors for underwater deployment. In 2019, a 5kt prototype detector CHIPS-5 was deployed in northern Minnesota to potentially study neutrinos generated by the NuMI beam. This paper presents the dedicated low-latency triggering system for CHIPS-5 that delivers notifications of neutrino spills from the Fermilab accelerator complex to the detector with sub-nanosecond precision. Building on existing NOνA infrastructure, the time distribution system achieves this using only open-source software and conventional computing and network elements. In a time-of-flight study, the system reliably provided advance notifications 610±330ms prior to neutrino spills at 96% efficiency. This permits advanced analysis in real-time as well as hardware-assisted triggering that saves data bandwidth and reduces DAQ computing load outside time windows of interest.