Phytochemical and biological investigations on the pollen from industrial hemp male inflorescences

Cannabis sativa L. belongs to the Cannabaceae family and includes annual, robust, fast-growing and generally dioecious plants. Industrial hemp, and particularly the inflorescences, has been recently recognized as important source of bioactive extracts with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. The goal of the present study was to explore botanical, phytochemical, and biological properties of water and hydroalcoholic hemp pollen extracts from male inflorescences. The extracts from hemp pollen were found rich in phenolic compounds, such as hydroxytyrosol, coumaric acid, and hesperitin. The phenolic profile was also consistent with the observed scavenging/reducing, enzyme inhibitory, and antimicrobial properties of the extracts. Regarding the antimi-crobial effects, Escherichia coli, Trycophyton rubrum, and T. tonsurans were the most sensitive to growth inhibitory effects (MIC values: 9.92-79.37 mu g/mL) of the extracts. Whereas, null effects on prostate PC3 and myocyte C2C12 cell viability, in the range 1-1000 mu g/mL, are consistent with MIC values and suggest extracts' biocompatibility. The experimental data obtained, which are not reflected in the literature as the topic of hemp pollen is almost completely unexplored, confirm the innovativeness of a product obtained directly from bees, which in the face of greater variability and complexity can reserve promising applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors.