The EWRS Working Group ‘Weed Management Systems in Vegetables’ was established with the tasks of collecting and disseminating information and results on weeds and weed control strategies in vegetables, identifying gaps in knowledge and focusing on new research projects. So far four papers have been published on onion (Tei et al., 1999a), tomatoes (Tei et al., 2002b; 1999b), and carrot (Tei et al., 2002a) by the working group. Information about key weeds, new weeds or species tending to spread, critical period of weed competititon, weed management strategies and approved herbicides in peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown under field conditions in Belgium (B), Germany (G), Italy (I), The Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (P), Spain (E), Switzerland (CH), Turkey (TR), and United Kingdom (UK) was collected. In 2001, the world production of green peas consumed fresh, canned and frozen as a vegetable was about 7.3 Mt on 0.9 Mha (FAO, 2002) beside 10.3 Mt on 5.9 Mha of dry peas. Although some information on dry peas was included for some countries, the paper was mainly focused on green peas. In the surveyed countries green pea surface is about 89400 ha (UK 39600 ha, I 10000 ha, PL 9000 ha, TR 8700 ha, B 7000 ha, E 6000 ha, NL 5500 ha, G 2000 ha, P 1000 ha, and CH 590 ha). Organic production is not common in surveyed countries for peas (available data show 2000 ha in G and 450 ha in NL but including both dry and fresh peas, and 50 ha in CH of fresh peas). Sowing and harvest time of peas change in relation to country, location, variety, cultural practices and production destination (fresh, frozen or canned). In B, CH, G, NL and PL peas are sown in spring only (generally March and April), whereas in E, I, TR and UK a wide range of sowing dates are possible from late autumn (October) to spring (April). Although harvest time starts as early as March (for example TR for fresh consumption) and ends as late as August in PL and NL, generally harvest occurs in June and July. Crop density varies depending on variety and sowing time from 50 to 150 plants m-2, and the row distance from 0.12 to 0.25 m. Due to differences in climate, soil type, growth cycle, etc., weed flora composition is very variable in surveyed countries. However, Chenopodium album, Cirsium spp., Galium aparine, Matricaria spp., Poa annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum, Sonchus spp., Stellaria media and volunteer crops (oil-seed rape in UK; potatoes in CH, NL and UK; wheat in TR) are frequent species in most countries. A parasitic weed, Orobanche crenata is found in E and TR. Solanum nigrum is a key weed in most countries. In addition, Mercurialis annua and P. aviculare in B; C. arvense, G. aparine, M. chamomilla and M. inodora in G; Bifora testiculata, Datura stramonium and M. chamomilla in I; Avena fatua, C. album, Sinapis arvensis and Thlaspi arvense in PL; S. arvensis and O. crenata in E; several broad-leaved weeds in TR; Matricaria spp. and volunteer potatoes in UK are deemed key weeds. Chrysanthemum segetum in G, Calystegia sepium in I, Echinochloa crus-galli, P. annua and volunteer potatoes in NL, and Centurea diluta, Ridolfia segetum in E are becoming important. Yield reduction due to weed competition ranged from about 4 to 56 % in a 10-year experiment when weeds were removed 43-57 days after sowing in PL. O. crenata infestation in Sevilla (E) caused damage at 75 % of crop surface. The critical period for weed competition was from crop emergence to 3 weeks after crop emergence in NL, and to 21-30 days after sowing in P. Weeds not only reduce yield but also interfere with harvest and contaminate the harvested crop (i.e. fruits of Solanum nigrum or flower heads of Matricaria spp.). Although the availability of herbicides approved for use in peas is very different among the surveyed countries, bentazon, cyanazine, pendimethalin and terbutryne, to control both grass and broad-leaved weeds, are registered in most countries. Cyanazine and pendimethalin can be used both in pre-emergence and post emergence, while terbutryne in pre-emergence only, and bentazon in post-emergence only. Some pre-sowing herbicides are registered in few countries. A range of post-emergence graminicides is registered for grass-weed control in all the countries. Some herbicides such as fomesafen, prometryne and triallate will be disappearing soon in EU. Almost all pea hectares are sprayed with herbicides in the surveyed countries. It is common view that herbicides sustained pea production. Due to varying approved herbicides, weed control programs change among the countries, but pre-emergence herbicides are generally preferred to control most key weeds such as C. album in PL, G. aparine, Polygonum and Matricaria spp. in UK, broad-leaved weeds in TR. However, post-emergence herbicides are often used to control broad-leaved weeds. To improve efficiency of post-emergence bentazon, split application is recommended in PL and NL. S. nigrum, a key weed in most countries, is not sufficiently controlled by herbicides. Triallate was used to control grass weeds such as wild oats, but recently post-emergence graminicides are used instead. Integrated weed management systems suggest a narrower distance in order to promote a higher crop uniformity, crop competitive ability against weeds and as a result a higher yield. On the contrary, a wider row spacing needs to allow inter-row and in-row mechanical weed control. Pre-emergence harrowing of peas allowed a reduction of recommended rate of bentazon in PL. Supplemental hand weeding is also recommended in PL. Weeds are still a problem in peas although a large variety of herbicides are currently available to be used in peas. A few paper was published on weeds and weed control in peas in recent years in spite of lack of detailed information about critical period of competition, integrated weed management, etc. For further and more detailed information see WG web site www.ewrs.org. References FAO, 2002. at www.fao.org. Tei, F. et al., 1999a. In: Proc. 11th EWRS Symposium, Basel, Switzerland, 131. Tei, F. et al., 1999b. In: Proc. 11th EWRS Symposium, Basel, Switzerland, 132. Tei, F. et al., 2002a. In: Proc. 12th EWRS Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 14-15. Tei, F. et al., 2002b. In: Proc. 5th World Congress on Processing Tomato - 8th ISHS Symposium on Processing Tomato, Istanbul, Turkey, Jine 2002. Acta Hort. (in press).
Weeds and weed management in peas - a review
TEI, Francesco;
2003
Abstract
The EWRS Working Group ‘Weed Management Systems in Vegetables’ was established with the tasks of collecting and disseminating information and results on weeds and weed control strategies in vegetables, identifying gaps in knowledge and focusing on new research projects. So far four papers have been published on onion (Tei et al., 1999a), tomatoes (Tei et al., 2002b; 1999b), and carrot (Tei et al., 2002a) by the working group. Information about key weeds, new weeds or species tending to spread, critical period of weed competititon, weed management strategies and approved herbicides in peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown under field conditions in Belgium (B), Germany (G), Italy (I), The Netherlands (NL), Poland (PL), Portugal (P), Spain (E), Switzerland (CH), Turkey (TR), and United Kingdom (UK) was collected. In 2001, the world production of green peas consumed fresh, canned and frozen as a vegetable was about 7.3 Mt on 0.9 Mha (FAO, 2002) beside 10.3 Mt on 5.9 Mha of dry peas. Although some information on dry peas was included for some countries, the paper was mainly focused on green peas. In the surveyed countries green pea surface is about 89400 ha (UK 39600 ha, I 10000 ha, PL 9000 ha, TR 8700 ha, B 7000 ha, E 6000 ha, NL 5500 ha, G 2000 ha, P 1000 ha, and CH 590 ha). Organic production is not common in surveyed countries for peas (available data show 2000 ha in G and 450 ha in NL but including both dry and fresh peas, and 50 ha in CH of fresh peas). Sowing and harvest time of peas change in relation to country, location, variety, cultural practices and production destination (fresh, frozen or canned). In B, CH, G, NL and PL peas are sown in spring only (generally March and April), whereas in E, I, TR and UK a wide range of sowing dates are possible from late autumn (October) to spring (April). Although harvest time starts as early as March (for example TR for fresh consumption) and ends as late as August in PL and NL, generally harvest occurs in June and July. Crop density varies depending on variety and sowing time from 50 to 150 plants m-2, and the row distance from 0.12 to 0.25 m. Due to differences in climate, soil type, growth cycle, etc., weed flora composition is very variable in surveyed countries. However, Chenopodium album, Cirsium spp., Galium aparine, Matricaria spp., Poa annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum, Sonchus spp., Stellaria media and volunteer crops (oil-seed rape in UK; potatoes in CH, NL and UK; wheat in TR) are frequent species in most countries. A parasitic weed, Orobanche crenata is found in E and TR. Solanum nigrum is a key weed in most countries. In addition, Mercurialis annua and P. aviculare in B; C. arvense, G. aparine, M. chamomilla and M. inodora in G; Bifora testiculata, Datura stramonium and M. chamomilla in I; Avena fatua, C. album, Sinapis arvensis and Thlaspi arvense in PL; S. arvensis and O. crenata in E; several broad-leaved weeds in TR; Matricaria spp. and volunteer potatoes in UK are deemed key weeds. Chrysanthemum segetum in G, Calystegia sepium in I, Echinochloa crus-galli, P. annua and volunteer potatoes in NL, and Centurea diluta, Ridolfia segetum in E are becoming important. Yield reduction due to weed competition ranged from about 4 to 56 % in a 10-year experiment when weeds were removed 43-57 days after sowing in PL. O. crenata infestation in Sevilla (E) caused damage at 75 % of crop surface. The critical period for weed competition was from crop emergence to 3 weeks after crop emergence in NL, and to 21-30 days after sowing in P. Weeds not only reduce yield but also interfere with harvest and contaminate the harvested crop (i.e. fruits of Solanum nigrum or flower heads of Matricaria spp.). Although the availability of herbicides approved for use in peas is very different among the surveyed countries, bentazon, cyanazine, pendimethalin and terbutryne, to control both grass and broad-leaved weeds, are registered in most countries. Cyanazine and pendimethalin can be used both in pre-emergence and post emergence, while terbutryne in pre-emergence only, and bentazon in post-emergence only. Some pre-sowing herbicides are registered in few countries. A range of post-emergence graminicides is registered for grass-weed control in all the countries. Some herbicides such as fomesafen, prometryne and triallate will be disappearing soon in EU. Almost all pea hectares are sprayed with herbicides in the surveyed countries. It is common view that herbicides sustained pea production. Due to varying approved herbicides, weed control programs change among the countries, but pre-emergence herbicides are generally preferred to control most key weeds such as C. album in PL, G. aparine, Polygonum and Matricaria spp. in UK, broad-leaved weeds in TR. However, post-emergence herbicides are often used to control broad-leaved weeds. To improve efficiency of post-emergence bentazon, split application is recommended in PL and NL. S. nigrum, a key weed in most countries, is not sufficiently controlled by herbicides. Triallate was used to control grass weeds such as wild oats, but recently post-emergence graminicides are used instead. Integrated weed management systems suggest a narrower distance in order to promote a higher crop uniformity, crop competitive ability against weeds and as a result a higher yield. On the contrary, a wider row spacing needs to allow inter-row and in-row mechanical weed control. Pre-emergence harrowing of peas allowed a reduction of recommended rate of bentazon in PL. Supplemental hand weeding is also recommended in PL. Weeds are still a problem in peas although a large variety of herbicides are currently available to be used in peas. A few paper was published on weeds and weed control in peas in recent years in spite of lack of detailed information about critical period of competition, integrated weed management, etc. For further and more detailed information see WG web site www.ewrs.org. References FAO, 2002. at www.fao.org. Tei, F. et al., 1999a. In: Proc. 11th EWRS Symposium, Basel, Switzerland, 131. Tei, F. et al., 1999b. In: Proc. 11th EWRS Symposium, Basel, Switzerland, 132. Tei, F. et al., 2002a. In: Proc. 12th EWRS Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 14-15. Tei, F. et al., 2002b. In: Proc. 5th World Congress on Processing Tomato - 8th ISHS Symposium on Processing Tomato, Istanbul, Turkey, Jine 2002. Acta Hort. 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