The role of networks for women's empowerment. The case of Industrie Femminili Italiane at the beginning of 20th century

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse the role of a network in the development of female business experiences through the study of the Industrie Femminili Italiane (I.F.I.) (Italian Women's Cooperative Enterprise), founded in 1903 in Rome to promote women's work and their economic conditions.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies the embeddedness theory for women's empowerment that provides a valuable lens to explore the interactions between female entrepreneurs and their social, cultural and economic contexts.FindingsWith this study, the authors found that the network structure was used at the beginning of the past century in Italy as a useful instrument for female emancipation and empowerment, extending to common/not exceptional women entrepreneurial opportunities otherwise reserved for rich and noble women. In the interplay among the different "contexts" (political, social, cultural and cognitive), it seems to emerge the incidence of female social relationships in facing an unfavourable political and cultural context, breaking out the norms and allowing the business to exist and influencing, with the activity of the high social standing women, the cognitive structure of the other female workers, make them active participants in this entrepreneurial activity.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a single case study that has shed light on a specific female network, and the authors' findings and considerations are influenced by the shortage of data and sources available. Demonstrating that I.F.I. is the result of the collaboration of women from different social classes involved at different organisational levels, this work shows, from a historical perspective, the importance of female mutual support for their emancipation and the role played by the network structure as an amplifier of possibilities otherwise limited to rich women, the emancipation of women and minorities in countries characterised by important barriers to entrepreneurship.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first paper analysing a female entrepreneurial network from a historical point of view and its role in overcoming gender barriers within the analysis of the interplaying contexts.