Brittle fragmentation of Fissure 17 enclave magma revealed by fractal analysis

The 2018 LERZ eruption of Kilauea featured a wide range of eruptive styles. In particular, Fissure 17 (F17) displayed activity ranging from Hawaiian fountaining in the eastern part of the fissure to Strombolian explosions in the western part. Lava erupted from F17-West was highly viscous and contained magmatic enclaves. Magmatic enclaves have previously been observed in many other volcanic systems (e.g. Vulcano Island, IT and Sete Cidades Volcano, PT), where they have been attributed to injection of mafic magma into an evolved magma chamber, resulting in viscous fingering, quenching, and break-off into fragments. The F17 enclaves differ from previous studies in that the chemical compositions of the enclave and host magmas are very similar, and that the enclaves have a limited spatial distribution and lack signs of viscous behavior and quenching, pointing to a different formation mechanism than inferred for other volcanic systems. In order to test a different formation hypothesis, we conducted fractal analysis of the size distribution of 84 individual enclaves from F17-West lavas. Our results, including a fractal dimension of fragmentation Df of 2.59, indicate that the F17 enclaves likely formed by brittle fragmentation. Since the enclave and host magmas were at temperatures far above the glass transition during the magma hybridization, high strain rates have to be invoked to explain the brittle fragmentation. This may have caused the enclave magma to transition into solid-state behavior, allowing it to break off into fragments that were subsequently picked up by the host magma and carried to the free surface. The enclaves from F17-West therefore offer a unique insight into the diversity of processes that characterizes the shallow parts of volcanic systems, as well as the importance of strain rates in modulating the rheological behavior of magmas.