Introducing fairness in network visualization

Motivated by the need for decision-making systems that avoid bias and discrimination, the concept of fairness recently gained traction in the broad field of artificial intelligence, stimulating new research also within the information visualization community. In this paper, we introduce a notion of fairness in network visualization, specifically for orthogonal and for straight-line drawings of graphs, two foundational paradigms in the field. We investigate the following research questions: (i) What is the price, in terms of global readability, of incorporating fairness constraints in graph drawings? (ii) How unfair is a graph drawing that does not optimize fairness as a primary objective? We present both theoretical and empirical results. In particular, we design and implement two optimization algorithms for multi-objective functions, one based on an ILP model for orthogonal drawings, and one based on gradient descent for straight-line drawings. In a nutshell, we experimentally show that it is possible to significantly increase the fairness of a drawing by paying a relatively small amount in terms of reduced global readability. Also, we present a use case in which we qualitatively evaluate our approach on a practical scenario.