Managing volcano-related hazards in Italy

Due to its position in the tectonically active Mediterranean basin, Italy hosts an important volcanic activity, mainly concentrated in its southern regions. Phlegrean Fields, Mt. Somma-Vesuvius, Mt. Etna, Eolian islands are the principal active volcanic systems which threaten a numerous population living in their surroundings. Volcanic eruptions notoriously are possible sources of composite or secondary hazards, that sometimes are most destructive than the direct actions of the eruptions themselves: lahars, tsunamis, landslides, bradyseism offer clear evidences of the complexity which can characterize an active volcanic district, with relevant consequences as regards to hazard management and risk reduction. After a brief description of the geological settings of the main Italian active volcanic systems, some comments will be spent on the various types of volcano-related hazards which feature them, paying due attention to the available contingency and emergency plans and to the role that the professional geologists can play in their management.